The primary building block of the Mars Highway network is the standardized, multi-role Cascading Booster Module. Instead of relying on specialized stages for transit, insertion, and landing, the network uses a single, self-contained booster module. By integrating the forward aerodynamic nose directly into the module’s functional structure and propellant storage, the design eliminates the parasitic deadweight of traditional payload fairings. Every kilogram of dry mass placed into orbit serves an active functional role in propulsion, docking, or active cooling.
The forward blunt nose functions as a split two-piece hatch containing high-concentration Hydrogen Peroxide (HTP). This HTP drives warm-gas reaction control system (RCS) thrusters that perform attitude control, dock the module, and pneumatically actuate the nose hatch to expose a standardized 1.3-meter docking interface. Fueled by a primary LOX/LH2 core with HTP-driven turbopumps, each module operates as an independent, self-propelled unit. Modules can navigate autonomously, dock end-to-end like Lego blocks, and auto-sequence into multi-stage booster trains without requiring tug support.
End-to-end stacking is achieved through an integrated aft bulkhead featuring a central aerospike nozzle surrounded by an outer-rim docking latch. This outer ring docks directly to the forward 1.3-meter interface of the trailing module. Once its propellant is depleted, the module disengages its latches and autonomously returns to the nearest station node for active cryo-refueling.
To prevent carrying deadweight during deep-space transit, the baseline booster carries no landing gear. For surface descent operations on Mars or the Moon, modular landing legs simply bolt onto pre-engineered hardpoints surrounding the aft docking ring. The exact same booster that accelerates a spacecraft in deep space can be fitted at an orbital station to serve as a surface lander, establishing a unified, multi-use hardware foundation for the entire interplanetary network.
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